Knee Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & When to See a Doctor

1. Knee Pain

Arthritis knee pain may initially occur only during activities such as:

• Walking for longer distances
• Climbing stairs
• Squatting
• Standing for prolonged periods
• Getting up from a chair

As the condition progresses, pain may become more frequent and can sometimes occur even during rest.

2. Stiffness

Knee stiffness is another common symptom. You may find it difficult to move your knee after:

• Waking up
• Sitting for a long time
• Travelling
• Remaining in one position for an extended period

Stiffness can make the first few steps uncomfortable before movement gradually becomes easier.

3. Swelling

Inflammation or changes within the joint can cause swelling around the knee.

The knee may feel puffy, tender, warm or tight. Persistent or significant swelling should be assessed by a healthcare professional because several conditions can cause a swollen knee.

4. Reduced Range of Motion

As arthritis progresses, you may find it increasingly difficult to fully bend or straighten your knee. This can affect everyday activities.

• Sitting on the floor
• Getting into a car
• Using stairs
• Squatting
• Putting on footwear

5. Clicking, Grinding or Creaking

Some people experience clicking, popping or grinding sensations when moving an arthritic knee.

These sounds can occur for several reasons and do not necessarily mean that the joint is severely damaged. If they occur together with persistent pain, swelling or reduced movement, an assessment may be appropriate.

6. Difficulty Walking

As pain and stiffness increase, walking may become more difficult. Reduced physical activity can contribute to further loss of muscle strength around the knee.

7. Changes in Knee Alignment

Advanced osteoarthritis can sometimes affect the alignment or shape of the knee. Visible changes in the position of the leg or knee should be evaluated by an orthopaedic specialist.

Age

The risk of osteoarthritis increases as people get older. However, age alone does not determine whether someone will develop significant symptoms.

Previous Knee Injury

A previous ligament injury, meniscus injury or fracture involving the knee can increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis later.

Excess Body Weight

The knees carry the body's weight during standing and movement. Excess weight can increase the mechanical load placed on the joints and is associated with a higher risk of knee osteoarthritis.

Repetitive Joint Stress

Occupations or activities involving repeated kneeling, squatting, lifting or high-impact movements may place additional stress on the knees.

Muscle Weakness

Weak muscles around the knee and hip can affect joint stability and movement patterns.

Genetics and Joint Structure

Some people may have an increased susceptibility to osteoarthritis because of inherited factors or differences in joint structure.

1. Exercise and Physiotherapy

Exercise is an important part of managing knee osteoarthritis. A physiotherapist may recommend exercises designed to improve:

• Quadriceps strength
• Hip strength
• Flexibility
• Balance
• Joint movement
• Overall physical function

Low-impact activities such as walking, cycling or swimming may also be appropriate for many people, depending on their condition. The goal is to maintain safe movement and strengthen the muscles supporting the knee.

2. Weight Management

For people who are overweight, even modest weight reduction can decrease the load placed on the knees. A doctor or dietitian can provide guidance on sustainable dietary and lifestyle changes.

3. Pain-Relieving Medicines

Depending on your medical history, a doctor may recommend medicines to manage pain. The choice of medication depends on factors such as:

• Age
• Kidney function
• Stomach health
• Cardiovascular health
• Other medicines being taken

Avoid taking painkillers regularly without medical guidance.

4. Injections

In selected patients, injections into the knee may be considered when other conservative measures do not provide sufficient relief. The type of injection and whether it is appropriate depends on the individual's condition.

5. Assistive Devices

Some people may benefit from supportive devices selected according to their needs.

• Walking aids
• Knee braces
• Appropriate footwear
• Orthotic devices

These should ideally be recommended based on an assessment rather than purchased or used without guidance.

6. Surgery

Surgery is not automatically required when someone is diagnosed with knee arthritis. If arthritis becomes advanced and causes persistent pain and significant difficulty with everyday activities despite appropriate non-surgical treatment, joint replacement may be considered.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Keeping your weight within a healthy range can reduce the mechanical stress placed on the knee.

Stay Active

Regular, appropriate exercise helps maintain muscle strength and joint mobility.

Protect Your Knees From Injury

Using appropriate techniques during sports and physical activities and addressing injuries properly may reduce the risk of long-term joint problems.

Strengthen the Supporting Muscles

Strong thigh and hip muscles can support knee function and improve movement.

Treat Knee Injuries Properly

Do not ignore significant knee injuries. Proper diagnosis and rehabilitation can help support long-term joint health.